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What Is China’s Game? Go Figure.

Posted in China Business

More than once, clients have told me that “you must be a chess player.” I actually am not. I have always found chess too slow, too boring, too lacking in action and too contemplative. It isn’t me.

I am a backgammon player. Backgammon requires compiling a plan, but being willing to rapidly change it, depending on what your opponent does. It see Backgammon as a more reactive, more aggressive, less contemplative game than chess and I think it far more closely mirrors the practice of law, at least the way I practice.

I do think the games that we play influence the way that we think, and vice-versa.

The Wall Street Journal had an article today, entitled, What Kind of Game Is China Playing? that posits the same thing. It is about how David Lai, a professor at the Army War College, is of the view that if Americans want to learn more about China’s foreign policy plans, we should learn the Chinese  board game of wei qi, known in the U.S. as Go. According to Lai, learning Go “can teach non-Chinese how to see the geostrategic “board” the same way that Chinese leaders do”  

According to the article, Go is “starkly different” from chess:

Go features multiple battles over a wide front, rather than a single decisive encounter. It emphasizes long-term planning over quick tactical advantage, and games can take hours. In Chinese, its name, wei qi (roughly pronounced “way-chee”), means the “encirclement game.”

The game, already well known in the days of Confucius and still wildly popular in Asia, is starkly different from chess, the classic Western game of strategy. The object of Go is to place stones on the open board, balancing the need to expand with the need to build protected clusters.

Lai sees Go as “the perfect reflection of Chinese strategic thinking and their operational art.” It seems Henry Kissinger agrees:

Throughout his new book, “On China,” Mr. Kissinger uses wei qi to explain how Chinese leaders such as Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping managed crises during the Korean War, disputes over Taiwan, the Vietnam War, conflicts throughout Southeast Asia and with the Soviet Union, and the normalization of relations with the U.S.

In the first days of the Korean conflict, for example, President Harry Truman sent U.S. troops to South Korea and the U.S. Navy to the Taiwan strait. He had, “in Chinese eyes,” Mr. Kissinger writes, “placed two stones on the wei qi board, both of which menaced China with the dreaded encirclement.” Thus, despite being war-weary and impoverished, China felt the need to confront the U.S. directly.

What do you think? Is Go a good way to anaylze China’s foreign policy actions? Is it a good way to analyze China business decision-making?  Is Go really that instructive? 

  • Vam

    In chinese chess i like to change my strategy midcourse. Cos, a great deal of your opponent’s attention is going into building a mental profile of you. . . Which comes crashing down when you suddenly change your personality. In related news, the whole premise of interpreting chinese foreign policy through wei qi seems a bit silly to me. For instance, why not just say that moving into the taiwan strait and korea at the same time is like bringing your queen and rook up into a pincer move. Or whatever. It all seems like a bit of ‘inscrutable asiatic’ fluff.

  • hanmeng

    It’s an admirable idea to approach a problem from a totally different direction, but this strikes me as intellectual b.s.

  • William

    Obviously any such generalization can never be deep enough to be very instructive, other than to point out that the Chinese seem to be more patient and take the long view. And focusing on Go ignores the popularity of the other form of Chinese chess (xiang qi), which is more similar to the chess we play in the West. Also, I don’t think most Chinese play either of these games with any regularity; card games and mah-jongg are far more popular as far as I can tell.

  • Timothy

    These kinds of metaphors are just another form of Orientalism – they add little in the way of substantive knowledge. A quick look at the quoted article’s description of the strategy of weiqi shows it to be nearly identical to chess – chess games amoung professionals go on for days, the “front” in chess games changes constantly, on so on. Games overall have different rules, but the logic for mastering them isnt fundamentally different – its just “how well can you understand the system and what it takes to win?” None of the knowledge is applicable outside of weiqi, and the logic skills are the same as those learned from chess. Furthermore, as any Chinese native would tell you, few in China play weiqi – just like chess in the US. Majiang (mahjong) is the game of China, just like poker is probably the game of the US. These stories are just food for the “exotic orient” motiff, making Chinese leaders like kung fu masters – and also serve as an excuse for the failures of US leaders – if you cant understand them, its ok to be losing to them.

  • MHB

    Some negative comments so far which don’t give enough credit to Dan’s thesis.
    1. Can board games influence the way we think? Dan thinks so, let’s at least run with this premise.
    2. Chinese board games are different from Western board games.
    3. Westerners have trouble understanding Chinese thinking.
    4. Board games can help cross this barrier, though Dan doesn’t say to what extent he thinks they can do this.
    Dan is advocating that comparative board games (a new class on Bei Da’s MA programme) are more than a metaphor (orientalist or not), in that chess players see problems differently, attempt different solutions and execute them differently to backgammon players.
    I think it’s possible Go and other Chinese board games can help with understanding a Chinese way of thinking, not necessarily that of the leaders, but that’s neither here nor less.
    I’m not a player, but I have had a go (pun intended). What principles emerge from Go? What effect does it have on how you perceive problems, solutions and ways with dealing of them?
    These questions could get some interesting answers, but maybe not from Henry Kissinger.

  • Michael Decker
  • http://www.raytopadvisory.com TonyHuang

    I agree with Dan that the game played is an indication of the culture and way of thinking, but I also want to question its effectiveness to understand a culture or the reality of a society. Take Go for example, how popular it is among the CEO and middle managements in China? If they don’t play it regularly or forever, does it still have some impact on their thinking? I don’t know about the statistics on top of my head, but my personal experience is it is not that popular among CEOs and middle level managers. When I was in college in Beida, no more than 5 out of my 200 business/economics major classmates played the GO. I doubt that ratio will go up as they are now overwelmingly busy with all their business and family responsibilities.

  • Bob Walsh

    Try playing Monopoly with a group of Chinese adults, and allow them to modify or add to the rules to fit current Chinese context. You can learn a hell of a lot about the way they’d like to do business in a very short time.
    For one thing, there are no long games, as the greediest and grabbiest emerge victorious in at most a couple of hours. Some players go bust in as little as half an hour, playing in a reckless, devil-may-care way that looks more like Vegas than Wall Street.

  • Ollumi

    It’s not even that commonly played, to say it influences Chinese thinking is like saying Chess(the international kind) influences U.S. thinking, or the original chess influenced Indian thinking, which is problematic when you have a variety of international grand masters from various cultures. I think you’d have more of a case for arguing that it’s a reflection of certain elements of the culture, rather than the cause, and even in that, South Korea and Japan are fairly avid players of Go as well, and perhaps I am ignorant on this subject, but I don’t see anyone advocating Go as a good way to understand Japanese strategy.

  • Twofish

    Pretty silly article.
    It would be more interesting if the author gave some examples of wei-qi terminology showing up in Chinese strategic works, but all of the examples of people using wei-qi as an analogy for Chinese strategic thinking are Western. In reading Chinese literature I have seen references to Sun Tzu and Chinese historical situations like the Three Kingdoms. I haven’t come across any references to go at all.
    If you mention Cao Cao and the Battle of the Red Cliffs, most educated Chinese will know what you are talking about, since you learned about it in history class, but if you start using wei-qi terms, most people won’t have a clue what you are talking about because wei-qi isn’t *that* popular in China.
    And then people in China play mahjong, xiang-qi, craps, and Texas hold’em. There’s no particular reason to think that Chinese leaders are players or influences by wei-qi.
    We do know that Deng Xiaoping was a very good bridge player.

  • Twofish

    MHB: Chinese board games are different from Western board games.
    There is xiang-qi. There is also xiang-qi which resembles Western chess, which isn’t surprising since both of them are derived from an Indian game.

  • vam

    ‘the chinese’ aren’t more patient and don’t take a longer view than… ‘us,’ or more better, others.
    on that point go to the recent article about zhou’s famous ‘too early to tell’ reply. the geremie barme quote is worth the price alone.
    although, i can fully sympathize with people who might think that ‘the chinese’ are patienter and have wider horizons than ‘us’. i mean, just look at how we walk down the street, bumping into (short sighted) and shoving past (impatient) each other. go to any chinese city or town and people somehow manage to glide along like hovercraft… it’s really weird.

  • http://buxiebuxing.livejournal.com Phil Hand

    I do play go, and I have to agree with much of the negative commentary above. I could try to engage with the questions as MHB puts them:
    ” What principles emerge from Go? What effect does it have on how you perceive problems, solutions and ways with dealing of them?”
    But the problem is that the answers in Go (as in life!) are contradictory. For example, there’s a go proverb which says, “to attack in the west, play first in the east”. Sounds impressively tricky, right? But then there’s another proverb that says, “the best defence is a solid defence”. Which is just straightforward. There’s a proverb that says “my opponent’s key point is my key point”; and there’s another that says “follow through on your own strategy and don’t get distracted”.
    Which is not to say that go isn’t different. For me, the most interesting aspect of go is that there’s no single point to aim at. You can’t win by taking a king, or by getting your piece to the end first; you generally don’t drive your opponent to extinction. Rather you win by having just a slight edge, cumulatively, over the whole board. My personal style is that I like to win in the opening. I then fight long battles in the mid-game, lose the battles, and still come out with more territory because I had a better opening set up. I think that is different to any other strategy game I can think of. But I couldn’t tell you what that means about Chinese/Japanese/Korean/Tibetan psychology or politics!

  • MHB

    Thanks for your reply, Twofish.
    I like Bob Walsh’s suggestion – but I guess all but the most dedicated Monopoly players would try to make it shorter and more exciting, whatever their nationality!
    There are two main criticisms of the article.
    1. Go isn’t central to Chinese culture, or even particularly important. Twofish says, most people won’t know what you’re on about.
    2. Chinese business leaders, politicians, etc. don’t play Go, except perhaps a few.
    So why is it relevant?
    1. Go’s lack of popularity does not mean it is unconnected to Chinese ways of thinking. It might embody or reflect the lessons from Sun Tzi.
    2. A Go player may be able to practically demonstrate how the story Cao Cao and the Battle of the Red Cliffs works in the game.
    3. Playing games is a quick and easy way to put such concepts into practice – allowing the player to get to grips with them in a totally different way to someone who meets such concepts only in business.
    4. Games provide mental training. Would a crash course in the concepts of Go enable a foreigner to be more prepared and alert when faced with cultural differences in business?
    I feel a bit silly writing all this, as I don’t play Go – but I think Dan’s question is a really interesting one, and I would love to hear if anyone’s experiences can add to his.
    I play DouDiZhu, but mainly on an iPhone. The computer is sadly quite predictable, so I can’t really draw any conclusions from it.

  • MHB

    Phil Hand – thank you very much!
    You have clearly learnt a different way of thinking from the game.
    Sensible extrapolation from one person’s experiences is nigh on impossible, but should a dozen reply in a similar vein, an image may emerge, within which we might glimpse reflections of China.

  • Howcome

    “All models are wrong, some are useful (to some people).”
    I’m a Chinese sea turtle working in a northern european MNC in Beijing after 18 years of education and employment in the US. I have been playing Go at semi-pro level for more than 20 years. The game does influence my thinking in a culture level, which is more similar to my Chinese colleagues than my western ones. Culture eats Strategy, which begets tactics.

  • Falen

    Couple of example of wei-qi/go strategies at work:
    1) China’s quiet monopoly in rare earth, that went largely unnoticed until recently.
    2) Building up huge foreign reserve in US debt.
    3) China move into Africa and South America.
    4) Sino-Pakistan relation
    All of the above are achieved when nobody was paying much attention as there are always more immediate issues to deal with. This is akin to finding and placing stones in yet uncontested open area of the board. Until the opponent really took notice, the section of the board is already firmly established in strength.
    Rare earth illustrates this especially well. China not only dominates the supply, but also the processing, manufacturing and technology as well. The recent trouble with the Malaysia processing plant doesn’t bold well for those seeking to dislodge China on this weiqi board.
    Remember what Kissinger says in his new book. China does not seek a decisive show-down, but to change the psychology of the opponents. That is certainly achieved: people can not stop talking and worrying about the above issues and literally foaming at their mouth speculating whether China is going to do this or do that. Opponents are forced into a reactive posture on these issues, committing time and resources into contesting issues in which China has local strength.
    This is remarkable if you consider the all powerful US military in the world can be made to feel vulnerable due to the dependency on rare earth.
    Which begs the questions, what other section of the board is China currently building strength that people don’t know about?

  • Twofish

    MHB: Go’s lack of popularity does not mean it is unconnected to Chinese ways of thinking. It might embody or reflect the lessons from Sun Tzi.
    Except that it doesn’t. For example Sun Tzu’s work emphasizes taking advantage of concrete and specialized advantages in terrain, which is very different from go which is “terrain-less.” Another example, go is two player, whereas Sun Tzu talks about alliances because he was living in a world that is multiplayer.
    The mode of thinking in Sun Tzu is very different from “go” and much more similar to Clausewitz or Jomini. Which isn’t surprising. Sun Tzu was not interested in winning board games, but in winning wars.
    There are ideas that are “worse than useless.” They are worse than useless because they will cause you to make assumptions that are worse than assuming nothing. Assuming that there is a deep Chinese mindset is one of them.
    MHB: . A Go player may be able to practically demonstrate how the story Cao Cao and the Battle of the Red Cliffs works in the game.
    Except that he can’t. Again one of the problems with using Go as a metaphor for war is that Go is terrainless whereas most battles and most military and business strategy involves terrain.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs
    Curiously xiang-qi is better than Go at simulating terrain, because xiang-qi has a river.
    Also there is a huge field of wargames and combat simulations, and often its a challenge to model a situation.
    MHB: Games provide mental training. Would a crash course in the concepts of Go enable a foreigner to be more prepared and alert when faced with cultural differences in business?
    No. It wouldn’t. In fact it might reinforce some assumptions. For example, one thing about Go is that there are two players. You and your enemy. The trouble with world politics and business is that the players don’t fit nicely into friends and enemies. Is China an ally or enemy of the United States? Yes and no. What about Pakistan? What about the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt?
    This also happens in business. I know of a situation in which two companies signed a contract for a joint venture exactly the same day that they they decided to sue each other for patent infringement, and the same persons signature was on both documents.
    Go isn’t a good simulation of this sort of thing. Curiously, if you’ve ever played Diplomacy, that *is* a very good simulation for some parts of world politics.
    One limitation of US strategic thinking is that Americans tend to find it extremely difficult to deal with situations in which people are neither your friend and enemy, or *both* your friend and enemy. This is a particularly American limitation, and it’s not Chinese are particularly adept at having “neither friends or enemies, merely interests” but that Americans are bad at it.
    —————-
    Also the examples of “smart China” is limited by the fact that in each of those situations, China has basically been making things up, and these things were the result of more or less accidental events rather than intentional planning.
    One other thing is that I think people are talking about “smart China” to deflect attention away from areas in which the US has been incompetent. The war in Afghanistan has been a total and dismal failure, and Iraq hasn’t turned out that well. If you figure out a way of explaining how China cleverly maneuvered the US into fighting wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, that deflects attention away from the incompetence that got the US there.
    Which ironically misses the most important lesson of Sun-Tzu. Know yourself. For the United States to talk about understanding China distracts some of the effort from getting the United States to understand the United States.

  • MHB

    Thank you again for your reply, Twofish. And thank you for answering my questions so thoroughly.
    You make a very good point about terrain, although my instinctive thought is that Go does involve terrain – once the pieces have been placed they are fixed until captured. If there is terrain in Go, it at least is not fixed for every game, preventing strategies which are optimised to the terrain and so requires fresh thought.
    Thoughts worse than useless – is there a deep Chinese mindset? You say no… but if there is a deep Western mindset (of which there could be several) then there is no reason why there is not a deep Chinese mindset. Or perhaps you are denying that depth is an appropriate word for mindsets?
    I’m inclined to agree – I believe there are deep thoughts, but a mindset is only a way of reaching them. It is cultural and linguistic, and so depth is irrelevant to a mindset – just difference. But the Chinese mindsets are cloudy and mirky to me in so far as they are different to my own. Hence, my curiosity.

  • Xiang Qi Ren

    Typical usual cultural fuck up here:
    1) “Go” is Japanese not Chinese;
    2) “Chinese Chess” (known as Xiang Qui) is a different game;
    3) You probably mean Mahjong anyway.

  • Twofish

    MHB: Thoughts worse than useless – is there a deep Chinese mindset? You say no… but if there is a deep Western mindset (of which there could be several) then there is no reason why there is not a deep Chinese mindset. Or perhaps you are denying that depth is an appropriate word for mindsets?
    What I’m saying is that China and the West have interacted for several centuries, and everything is so scrambled that assuming that there is a deep Chinese mindset is “worse than useless.” “Worse than useless” means if you’ll end up making worse decisions if you assume nothing. In particular, if you do international business you’ll find that many people are people that aren’t neatly categorizable. What do you do about someone that was born in Singapore, went to boarding school in England, and then moved to NY, and then Beijing? Or someone that went to France for a two decades before moving to Shanghai?
    Personally, if you say that classical Chinese culture is a strong influence on me, that’s something that makes sense, but if you try to understand my actions through fortune cookies that doesn’t make sense. There are Mexican influences on my thinking that are as important as the Chinese ones, and more important than go because I don’t play go.
    One other thing is that in international business, extremely deep cultural understanding of one culture doesn’t help you much. The problem is that you have to deal with lots of people from different societies. It’s not unlikely that I have to do business with a Peruvian or a Nigerian. I don’t know anything about Peru or Nigeria, but I can assume that if I’m meeting them, that they’ve figured out how to adapt to global business culture.
    MHB: . It is cultural and linguistic, and so depth is irrelevant to a mindset – just difference. But the Chinese mindsets are cloudy and mirky to me in so far as they are different to my own.
    My own experience is that people’s mindsets are molded more by their class or occupation than by their ethnicity. For example, at work, I’ve seen a lot of cultural conflicts, but those conflicts are invariably not Chinese versus American, but things like engineers versus marketing or EE’s versus MBA’s. One reason for this is that if you have a bunch of people in a typical high tech startup, you’ll find that the MBA’s are a mix of Russians, Chinese, Indians, and various other Americans whose parents arrived a few decades ago. You’ll find the same for the EE’s. Any ethnic cultural differences effectively “cancel out” because you have people from all over the world, and you are left with “functional differences.”

  • Lulu Chen

    This is a very silly and utterly inaccurate article by someone lacking in any meaningful experience of Chinese culture. As Qi pointed out, “Go” isn’t even a Chinese game, it’s Japanese and is hardly played in China. It reminds me of those old letters posted from US nationals writing to relatives in “Shanghai, Japan”. If you’re going to write about Chinese culture, as part of a business theory at least do your homework please.